Perioperative operations · 13 October 2026 · Pathways

Four days: urgent patients get the least time

Among patients at Royal North Shore Hospital who did not complete their digital pre-operative questionnaire in 2025, the median gap between invitation and surgery was 4 days for Category A, 49 for Category B and 149 for Category C. The most urgent patients, with the most to gain from early assessment, had the least time. Invitation timing is a system setting, and it can be changed.

Elective surgery in NSW is triaged by urgency, with clinically recommended timeframes of 30, 90 and 365 days. The RNSH audit labels these Categories A, B and C. Among patients who didn’t complete their digital pre-operative health questionnaire in 2025, the median gap between invitation and surgery was:

  • Category A: 4 days
  • Category B: 49 days
  • Category C: 149 days

The most urgent patients, often those having cancer surgery or procedures that can’t wait, had the shortest window of all.

What four days actually allows

A pre-op questionnaire isn’t useful the moment it’s answered. It has to be sent, opened and completed. Then a nurse or anaesthetist has to review it, and someone has to act on what it shows: order a blood test, adjust a medication, chase a cardiology letter, book a pre-admission clinic.

Four days barely covers the first half of that chain. Prehabilitation, such as building strength, improving nutrition, or optimising anaemia or blood sugar, usually needs weeks.

The wider picture is just as stark. Of 787 non-completers with a recorded interval, 236 (30%) were invited two days or less before surgery, on the day, or afterwards. Twenty-three received their invitation after the operation.

The other end of the curve

Timing fails in the opposite direction too. 186 patients (24%) were invited more than 90 days before surgery, and the Category C median was 149 days.

Early is good, but early and never refreshed is not. Five months is long enough for new medications, a new diagnosis, a fall or significant weight change. A questionnaire answered in May may not describe the patient who arrives in October.

What good timing looks like

None of this is a patient behaviour. Invitation timing is a system setting, and it can be changed:

  1. Start the clock at the decision to operate. Trigger the invitation when the request for admission is submitted, not when a theatre date is confirmed.
  2. Match the channel to the urgency. A Category A patient with days to spare needs a phone or voice-based assessment and same-week review, not a link in an email.
  3. Refresh instead of repeating. For long-wait patients, a short check closer to surgery should ask only what may have changed since the first questionnaire.
  4. Measure lead time by category. Report the share of invitations sent with enough time to act, split by urgency, as a standing pathway metric.

The proposed PAINITE pathway at RNSH starts at request-for-admission submission for exactly this reason. Its voicebot arm also offers a channel that doesn’t depend on a patient finding, opening and finishing a web form in a narrow window.

The audit’s message on timing is simple. The patients with the most to gain from early assessment were given the least time to complete it. That is fixable upstream, before the invitation is ever sent.

Source: Zhang D, Marks A, Doane M, et al. Barriers to current perioperative digital platforms – how can innovation solve these issues? Poster, ASA CSC.

FAQ

Related questions

How does Pathways reduce day-of-surgery cancellations?

Pathways screens every patient at the moment of booking rather than at the pre-admission clinic, so the findings that cause cancellations — unwithheld SGLT2 inhibitors, poor glycaemic control, undiagnosed sleep apnoea, missing discharge support — surface weeks ahead, while the list can still be optimised, rescheduled or backfilled.

The lever is timing rather than thoroughness. In almost every cancelled case the determining fact existed weeks earlier; it simply had not reached the anaesthetist while there was still time to act on it.

That also means the screening has to cover every booked patient, not the ones who look complex on paper. The patients who cancel lists are by definition the ones whose risk was not visible in advance.

Can we audit why a patient was cleared or flagged?

Yes. Pathways keeps org-wide and per-patient audit logs with full workflow tracing on every risk analysis — the inputs used, the rule version that fired, the output produced, and the human who reviewed it, all timestamped. Logs are exportable for governance committees, M&M review and accreditation.

Because the safety-critical rules are deterministic and versioned, an audit is reproducible rather than merely archived: re-running a case against the rule version recorded at the time produces the same flags. That is the property that lets a decision made in March be examined in September without argument about whether the system “would have said something different”.

What happens to patients who are not high risk?

They proceed. Every completed profile carries a triage recommendation — anaesthetist review, pre-admission clinic, telephone review, or no further assessment — so clinic slots go to moderate-risk patients and anaesthetist time goes to red flags. Low-risk patients are not routed into a clinic appointment they do not need.

This is the throughput argument, and it runs in both directions. A pre-admission clinic booked out three weeks ahead with mostly healthy ASA 1 patients is not short of capacity so much as misallocating it. Screening every patient at booking makes the queue orderable by risk rather than by whoever called first.

What happens if a patient doesn't complete their assessment?

The tracker shows exactly where they stopped — sent, opened, part-way through, or expired — and automated reminders go out without anyone chasing. A link can be resent in one click. Because the status is visible per patient rather than inferred from silence, an incomplete assessment becomes a task on a list instead of a discovery on the day of surgery.

Non-completion is normal and expected — it is why the tracker exists. The failure mode worth designing against is not the patient who does not finish, but the service that does not know they did not finish until the pre-admission clinic.

Patients who genuinely cannot complete a remote assessment are then a known, named group who can be routed to a phone call or a clinic slot deliberately, rather than turning up unassessed.

What if a patient has no smartphone, or can't use one?

They are identified as a group rather than missed. The assessment needs only a phone that receives SMS and opens a link — no app, no login, no account. Patients who cannot complete it that way show as incomplete on the tracker, so the service can route them to a telephone assessment or a clinic slot deliberately instead of discovering the gap later.

The design point is that remote assessment does not have to work for every patient to be worth doing. It has to work for enough of them that the clinic’s finite capacity can be pointed at the ones it does not work for — which includes patients without a suitable phone, patients who need an interpreter, and patients who would simply rather come in.

What Pathways changes is that this group is visible in advance and small enough to plan around, instead of being indistinguishable from everyone else on the list.

Does Pathways replace the pre-admission clinic?

No. It decides who should be in it. Every completed profile carries a triage recommendation — anaesthetist review, pre-admission clinic, telephone review, or no further assessment — so clinic slots go to the patients who need them. The clinic keeps doing the same work, for a different and better-chosen set of patients.

Most pre-admission clinics are not short of clinical capability. They are short of a mechanism for allocating their capacity, so slots fill in the order bookings arrive — producing a clinic of largely well patients while a frail patient with poor functional capacity gets a short phone call.

Screening every booked patient early makes the queue orderable by risk. The clinic’s capacity does not change; what changes is who is in it.

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